Sunday 17 June 2012

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR (VIEWS)-ADMINISTRATION


1.      E N GLADDEN
Administration: “Administration is a long and slightly pompous word but it has a humble meaning, for it means, to care for or look after people, to manage affairs... is determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose.”
Public Administration: “Public administration is concerned with the administration of the government.”
Organisation: “Organisation is concerned with the pattern of relationships between persons in an enterprise, so constructed as to fulfil the enterpriser’s function.”
Hierarchy: “Both in the simple unit organisation and in the complex large-scale organization the process of division of labour means that the principle of hierarchy operates; that is to say that individuals are arranged in grades, those above supervising those below.”
Landmark Publications:
An Introduction to Public Administration
The Essentials of Public Administration
2.      F A NIGRO
Administration: “Administration is the organisation and use of men and materials to accomplish a purpose.”
Public Administration: “Public administration (1) is a cooperative group effort in a public setting; (2) covers all the three branches----executive, legislative and judicial, and their inter—relationship; (3) has an important role in the formulation of public policy and is thus part of the political process; (4) is different in significant ways from public administration; and (5) is closely associated with numerous private groups and individuals in providing services to the community.”
Significance of Public Administration: “The real core of administration is the basic service which is performed for the public.
Leadership:  The essence of leadership is influencing the actions of others; the essential quality of leaders is that they are convinced something must be done, and they persuade others to help them to get it done. (L G Nigro)
Budget: “Financial administration is of special importance today for the simple reason that, while there seems to be no limit to what we may ask of government, there is always a limit to the funds available.”
Landmark Publications:
Public Administration-----Readings and Documents
Modern Public Administration (L G Nigro)
3.      WOODROW WILSON
Public Administration: “Public administration is detailed and systematic execution of law. Every particular application of law is an act of administration. He further says, “Administration is the most obvious part of the government; it is the government in action; it is the executive, the operative, the most visible side of the government.”
Landmark Publications:
The Study of Administration (1887)
Congressional Government (1885)
The State (1889)
4.      LUTHER GULICK
Administration: “Administration has to do with getting things done; with the accomplishment of defined objectives.”
Public Administration: “Public Administration is that part of the science of administration which has to do with government and thus concerns itself primarily with the executive branch where the work of government is done, though there are obviously problems in connection with the legislative and judicial branches.”
Organisation: “Organisation is the formal structure of authority through which work sub-divisions are arranged, defined and coordinated for the defined objective.”
Landmark Publications:
Papers on the Science of Administration (Urwick)
5.      MCFARLAND
Communication: “Communication may be broadly defined as the process of meaningful interaction between human beings.”
6.      TAYLOR
Landmark Publications:
A Piece-Rate System
Shop Management
The Art of Cutting Metals
The Principles of Scientific Management
7.      FAYOL
Unity of Command: “For any action whatsoever, an employee should receive orders from one superior only.”
Positional Theory of Authority: “Authority is the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience.”
Centralisation and Decentralisation: “Everything that goes to increase the importance of the subordinate’s role is decentralisation; everything which goes to decrease it is centralisation.”
Control: “Control consists in verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plans adopted, the instructions issued, and principles established.”
Landmark Publications:
General and Industrial Management
The Administrative Theory of the State
General Principles of Administration
8.      ELTON MAYO
Landmark Publications:
The Human Problems of Industrial Civilization
The Social Problems of Industrial Civilization
The Political  Problems of Industrial Civilization
9.      PETER DRUCKER
Communication: “Communication is the ability of the various functional groups within an enterprise to understand each other and each other’s functions and concerns.”
Control: “Control maintains the equilibrium between ends and means, output and effort.”
Landmark Publications:
The Practice of Management
10.  JAMES W DAVIS
Public Administration: “Public Administration can be best identified with the executive branch of a government.”
11.  SIMON
Public Administration: “By Public Administration is meant in common usage, the activities of the executive branches of the national, state and local governments.”
Organisation: “By Organisation we mean a planned system of cooperative effort in which each participant has a recognised role to play and duties and tasks to perform.”
Critics of Bureaucracy: They said that Weber developed his thesis on the basis of structural approach. Hence, his model reduces administrative efficiency, which can be enhanced through informal relations and unofficial practices. (Barnard)
Critics of Bureaucracy: They argued (in their book Organisations) that the Weber has, neglected the human dimension of organisation due to his over concern with the formal aspect of organisation. Hence, they included Weber in the category of classical thinkers like Gulick, Urwick and others. (March)
Landmark Publications:
Organisations (March)
Public Administration (Smithburg, Thompson)
12.  KOONTZ and O’DONNELL
Line and Staff: “Line and Staff  are characterisations of authority relationships and not departmental activities.”
Communication: “Communication is an intercourse by words, letters, symbols or messages; and is a way that one organisations member shares meanings and understandings with other.”
Control: “Controlling is a measurement of accomplishment against the standards and the correction of deviations to assure attainment of objectives according to plans.”
Leadership: “Leadership is the activity of persuading people to cooperate in the achievement of a common objective.”
Motivation: “Motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and similar forces that induce an individual or a group of people to work.”
Landmark Publications:
Principles of Management
13.  WILLOUGHBY
Public Administration: “The term administration may be employed in Political Science in two senses. In its broadest sense it denotes the work involved in the actual conduct of governmental affairs, regardless of the particular branch of government concerned. It is, thus, quite proper to speak of the administration of the legislative branch of the government, the administration of justice or judicial affairs, or the administration of the executive branch as well as the administration of the affairs of the administrative branch of the government, or the conduct of the affairs of the government generally. In its narrowest sense, it denotes the operations of the administrative branch only. As students of Public Administration we are concerned with the narrowest meaning of the term.”
Importance of Budget: Budget is “an integral and indispensable tool of administration.” He also observed: “The real significance of the budget system lies in providing for the orderly administration of the financial affairs of a government.”
Budget: “The Budget is something much more than a mere estimate of revenues and expenditure. It is, or should be, at once a report, an estimate, and a proposal.”
Landmark Publications:
Principles of Public Administration